The European Union and Indonesia have formally signed the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IEU-CEPA) and an Investment Protection Agreement. This milestone deal, concluded on 23 September 2025 after years of negotiation, will liberalise trade in goods and services, boost investment, and grant EU companies privileged access to the Indonesian market. Once ratified—expected by 2027—the agreement will remove import duties on 98.5% of tariff lines, simplify export procedures for key sectors (such as automotive, chemicals, machinery,…